Interrogator independence and challenges of his lack of independence in the judicial system of Iran and France

The presence of legal procedure in courts does not always guarantee its fairness and factors such as the affiliation of the investigation authority with some organizations and institutions, closed investigation and prolongation of procedure may compromise the achievement of a fair outcome. The interrogator in criminal procedures is charged with important and momentous judicial tasks and for this reason, he should enjoy higher job security as in French law, an interrogator is not considered among the officials of public prosecutor’s office and enjoys higher security. Code of Criminal Procedure of 2013 has established a positive view in connection with the interrogator’s powers but on the other hand still puts great emphasis on some of the orientations whose trial and error have been performed in developed countries like France. Among these cases are the challenges such as the lack of full independence of the interrogator, violating the principle of impartiality, failure to determine appropriate sanctions to violate some of the principles of a fair trial and so on which have created problems in criminal procedures and need expertise in this regard. In this paper which has been conducted based on a descriptive-analytical method, the existing challenges in relation to the interrogator independence and challenges of his lack of independence are investigated due to the necessity of examining the duties and powers of the interrogator.Keywords: Criminal procedure, fair trial, interrogator independence, Iranian law, French la

Commercializing Usage of Nano-insulating Materials in Building Industry and Future Architecture

AbstractNowadays sustainable development plays a vital role in management. One of the basic policies in environmental sustainability is related to management of non-reproducible resource. One of the fundamental solutions to reach the sustainability is finding some ways to reduce the consumption of the fossil fuels.Since building industry plays a very significant role in the resource consumption, using the thermal insulation is one of these major solutions which can help us to construct buildings without consuming energy. Many different materials are designed for thermal insulation, like Nano-insulation, but most of them are not used in building industry. The most important questions about these kinds of materials are: what is the problem of using Nano-insulation and how can these materials be industrialized for the building industry? To answer these questions, after reviewing the current traditional thermal insulation materials and explaining the advantages of the Nano-insulation materials, a model of challenges of commercializing usage of Nano-insulating materials is presented. Studies illustrate that new Nano-materials should get through some specific processes in order to be guaranteed their usage in the building industry

Catalytic Ozonation of Phenolic Wastewater: Identification and Toxicity of Intermediates

A new strategy in catalytic ozonation removal method for degradation and detoxification of phenol from industrial wastewater was investigated. Magnetic carbon nanocomposite, as a novel catalyst, was synthesized and then used in the catalytic ozonation process (COP) and the effects of operational conditions such as initial pH, reaction time, and initial concentration of phenol on the degradation efficiency and the toxicity assay have been investigated. The results showed that the highest catalytic potential was achieved at optimal neutral pH and the removal efficiency of phenol and COD is 98.5% and 69.8%, respectively. First-order modeling demonstrated that the reactions were dependent on the initial concentration of phenol, with kinetic constants varying from 0.038 min−1 ([phenol]o = 1500mg/L) to 1.273 min−1 ([phenol]o = 50mg/L). Bioassay analysis showed that phenol was highly toxic to Daphnia magna (LC50 96 h = 5.6mg/L). Comparison of toxicity units (TU) of row wastewater (36.01) and the treated effluent showed that TU value, after slightly increasing in the first steps of ozonation for construction of more toxic intermediates, severely reduced at the end of reaction (2.23).Thus, COP was able to effectively remove the toxicity of intermediates which were formed during the chemical oxidation of phenolic wastewaters

Modelling peri-perceptual brain processes in a deep learning spiking neural network architecture

Familiarity of marketing stimuli may affect consumer behaviour at a peri-perceptual processing level. The current study introduces a method for deep learning of electroencephalogram (EEG) data using a spiking neural network (SNN) approach that reveals the complexity of peri-perceptual processes of familiarity. The method is applied to data from 20 participants viewing familiar and unfamiliar logos. The results support the potential of SNN models as novel tools in the exploration of peri-perceptual mechanisms that respond differentially to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli. Specifically, the activation pattern of the time-locked response identified by the proposed SNN model at approximately 200 milliseconds post-stimulus suggests greater connectivity and more widespread dynamic spatio-temporal patterns for familiar than unfamiliar logos. The proposed SNN approach can be applied to study other peri-perceptual or perceptual brain processes in cognitive and computational neuroscience

Cryptosporidium infection in patients with gastroenteritis in Sari, Iran

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is a common coccidian parasite infection in patients with diarrhea that has worldwide distribution especially in developed countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with gastroenteritis admitted to hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences by parasitological and molecular methods in Sari, Iran. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 348 patients with gastroenteritis admitted to the hospitals of Medical University in the Sari and Ghaemshahr cities in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran in 2010-2011. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium identified using Formalin-Ether concentration method and stained by Aacidfast staining (AFS) and Auramine phenol fluorescence (APF). Genomic DAN extracted from microscopically positive samples and nested PCR -RFLP by using SSU rRNA that identifies of the species of cryptosporidium. Results: In 348 patients with gastroenteritis, the most clinical symptoms were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, fever and weight loss. 2.3% (8 cases) of diarrheal samples tested by both microscopy and molecular methods were positive for the presence of cryptosporidium. Nested PCR products yielded unique bands of 846 bp, correspond to cryptosporidium. Species diagnosis carried out by digesting the secondary PCR product with SspI restriction enzyme, which noted 3 clearly bands of 449, 254, and 108 bp correspond to Cryptosporidium spp. Conclusion: The results of present study on Cryptosporidium spp. in this area can make a background data for control programs and further molecular analyses. Thus, further work needs to determine the origin of Cryptosporidium species in this area

The Effect Of Cyperus Rotundus Ethanolic Extract On Motor Coordination In A Rat Model Of Alzheimer

Background and Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disorder that leads to progressive cognitive decline. The memory dysfunction of AD has been associated with a cortical cholinergic deficiency and loss of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). This study investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundu tubers (CRT) on motor activity in NBM-lesioned rat model of AD and intact rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 49 Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups. For this purpose, Wistar rats received bilateral electric lesions of the NBM. The control and sham groups received distilled water while NBM-lesioned group received CRT extract for 20 days with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Intact rats received CRT extract for 20 days without any surgery. The motor activity was assessed with Rotarod apparatus. Data were analyzed using one- way Anova and LSD test. Results: Use of ethanolic extract of CRT for 20 days improved motor activity in NBM-lesioned rats that received extract with a dose of 100 mg/kg. Ethanolic extract of CRT in the intact rats for 20 days significantly reduced motor activity when compared with the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that ethanolic extract of CRT is useful in NBM-induced lesion rats via inducing some changes in acetylcholine levels in the brain

Antidepressant effects of mentha pulegium in mice

The aim of this study is to investigate the antidepressant effects of Mentha pulegium essential oil in BALB/ c mice. Six experimental groups (7 mice each) were used. Forced swim test was performed 30 min after essential oil injection. In the groups receiving M. pulegium essential oil (50, 75 and 100 mg/ kg), immobility duration significantly decreased compared to the control group. M. pulegium (50 and 75 mg/kg) resulted in significant decrease in nitrate/nitrite content in serum compared to the control group. M. pulegium essential oil antidepressant effect that may be due to the inhibition of oxidative stress. The results showed that decrease in nitrate/nitrite content in serum and high anti-oxidant effects of M. pulegium essential oil. © 2016, Bangladesh Pharmacological Society. All rights reserved

Short communication: Infection of Aphanius dispar (Holly, 1929) with Ligula intestinalis plerocercoids in Mehran River, Hormuzgan province, south of Iran

Aphanius dispar (Holly, 1929) (known as Mahi gour-e khari, mahi dom parchami, kopurdandandar-e balehbolband) is an euryhaline tooth-carp fish which apparently prefers brackish waters of coastal areas of Iran. It is also distributed in Cyprus, Iraq, Somalia, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Djibouti. Aphanius dispar occurs in shallow water and among vegetation over sand, rock or soft detritus bottoms. Ligula intestinalis (L., 1758) is a pseudophyllidean cestode which in its plerocercoid stage infects a range of freshwater fish species, particularly members of the cyprinidae, as its second intermediate host and it has a widespread distribution throughout the northern hemisphere. However, no report is available on the occurrence of L. intestinalis from tooth-carp fish found in southern Iran. Recently, the present authors studied the infection of A. persicus in Barme-e-Shoor Spring-Stream System, Maharlu Basin, Shiraz, Iran. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of A. dispar acting as an intermediate host for Ligula intestinalis from Mehran river in Mehran basin, near Bastak city, Hormuzgan Province, south of Iran